How Long Does an MDL Take? Federal Multidistrict Litigation From Creation to Closing
Original analysis of 94 records from the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation, January 2023–September 2026 (closing dates). Published October 16, 2026.
We measured the time from the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation's transfer order to the closing of the docket for every federal MDL the Panel lists as closed between January 1, 2023 and September 30, 2026.
What the Closed MDL Dockets Show
The 94 federal multidistrict litigations (MDLs) closed between January 2023 and September 2026 lasted a median of 5.9 years from the Panel's transfer order to the closing of the docket. The middle half of them took between 3.1 and 9.5 years, and 19 of the 94 (20.2%) stayed open for a decade or longer. Products liability MDLs, the mass torts, took a median of 8.4 years.
- 5.9Median years from MDL creation to closing
- 20%Closed MDLs that lasted a decade or longer
- 8.4Median years, closed products liability MDLs
Half lasted more than five years
Of the 94 MDLs closed since January 2023, 53 (56.4%) closed five years or more after the Panel's transfer order. The average was 6.5 years, pulled up by the longest dockets, which ran as long as 17.7 years.
Mass torts run longest
The 27 products liability MDLs in the group lasted a median of 8.4 years, compared with 6.8 years for 24 antitrust MDLs and 2.7 years for 12 data breach and privacy MDLs.
Patent and marketing MDLs close fastest
The 12 patent, copyright and trade secret MDLs closed after a median of 2.4 years, about as fast as the 9 marketing and sales practices MDLs at 2.4 years. The shortest docket, the Prepared Food Photos, Inc., Copyright Litigation, closed 4.4 months after its transfer order.
The longest-running recently closed MDL
The National Security Agency Telecommunications Records Litigation (MDL No. 1791), created in 2006, closed after 17.7 years, followed by the Rail Freight Fuel Surcharge Antitrust Litigation at 17.7 years.
Nearly one in five closed within two years
18 MDLs (19.1%) closed less than two years after the transfer order, most of them data breach, patent or marketing and sales practices MDLs.
How Long Does an MDL Take
An MDL begins when the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation orders related federal cases transferred to one judge, and ends when that judge's MDL docket is closed. We measured that span for each MDL closed between January 2023 and September 2026.
The median closed MDL lasted 5.9 years. A quarter closed within 3.1 years and a quarter lasted longer than 9.5 years.
Durations spread almost evenly from under two years to more than a decade. 18 MDLs (19.1%) closed in under two years, 71 (75.5%) lasted three years or more, and 19 (20.2%) lasted a decade or longer. The mean of 6.5 years is higher than the median of 5.9 years because the longest dockets ran far beyond the median, up to 17.7 years; the oldest was created in 2006.
Before the clock in this study starts, there is a shorter step: from the motion to centralize filed with the Panel to the transfer order took a median of 2.8 months.
Closed federal MDLs by years from transfer order to closing, January 2023 to September 2026
- Under 2 years1819.2% of closed MDLs
- 2 to 4 years1414.9% of closed MDLs
- 4 to 6 years1516.0% of closed MDLs
- 6 to 8 years1414.9% of closed MDLs
- 8 to 10 years1414.9% of closed MDLs
- 10 years or more1920.2% of closed MDLs
Duration runs from the date of the Panel's transfer order to the date the MDL docket was closed, as listed in the JPML's closed-litigation reports.
Which Types of MDLs Take the Longest
We grouped each MDL by keywords in its official caption, such as Products Liability, Antitrust or Data Security Breach. Captions that combine marketing claims with products liability claims count as products liability, and so do personal injury and disaster MDLs such as an air crash and a mine waste release, which the Panel's own statistics can place in other categories, such as air disaster.
Products liability MDLs lasted a median of 8.4 years and antitrust MDLs 6.8 years, while data breach and privacy MDLs took 2.7 years and patent, copyright and trade secret MDLs 2.4 years.
The 27 products liability MDLs include the large personal injury mass torts, among them the Chinese-Manufactured Drywall Products Liability Litigation, which lasted 16.5 years. Marketing and sales practices MDLs without a products liability claim closed after a median of 2.4 years.
Several groups contain only a handful of MDLs, so their medians can shift with a single docket. The type grouping is ours, not the Panel's, and is listed for every MDL in the CSV.
Median years from transfer order to closing, by type of MDL
- Products liability8.427 MDLs · mean 8.1 years
- Banking, securities and finance7.05 MDLs · mean 7.3 years
- Antitrust6.924 MDLs · mean 8.0 years
- Wage and hour6.72 MDLs · mean 6.7 years
- Insurance3.93 MDLs · mean 3.8 years
- Data breach and privacy2.712 MDLs · mean 5.5 years
- Marketing and sales practices2.49 MDLs · mean 4.1 years
- Patent, copyright and trade secret2.412 MDLs · mean 3.0 years
Which MDLs Lasted the Longest
The ranking lists the closed MDLs by years from the Panel's transfer order to the closing of the docket. The CSV contains every MDL with its filing, transfer and closing dates.
The National Security Agency Telecommunications Records Litigation lasted 17.7 years, the Rail Freight Fuel Surcharge Antitrust Litigation 17.7 years and the Chinese-Manufactured Drywall Products Liability Litigation 16.5 years.
The three longest-running MDLs were created between 2006 and 2009. Long-running dockets are not limited to mass torts: antitrust, privacy and banking MDLs appear near the top of the list as well.
Closed federal MDLs by years from transfer order to closing
| MDL | Years | Closed |
|---|---|---|
| National Security Agency Telecommunications Records Litigation | 17.7 | 2024 |
| Rail Freight Fuel Surcharge Antitrust Litigation | 17.7 | 2025 |
| Chinese-Manufactured Drywall Products Liability Litigation | 16.5 | 2025 |
| Checking Account Overdraft Litigation | 14.5 | 2023 |
| Libor-Based Financial Instruments Antitrust Litigation | 14.3 | 2025 |
| Google Inc. Cookie Placement Consumer Privacy Litigation | 14.2 | 2026 |
| Blood Reagents Antitrust Litigation | 13.7 | 2023 |
| DePuy Orthopaedics, Inc., Pinnacle Hip Implant Products Liability Litigation | 13.6 | 2024 |
| Lipitor Antitrust Litigation | 12.8 | 2025 |
| Suboxone (Buprenorphine Hydrochloride and Naloxone) Antitrust Litigation | 12.3 | 2025 |
All closed MDLs
| MDL | Years | Closed |
|---|---|---|
| Portfolio Recovery Associates, LLC, Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA) Litigation | 12.3 | 2024 |
| E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company C-8 Personal Injury Litigation | 11.9 | 2025 |
| Xarelto (Rivaroxaban) Products Liability Litigation | 11.2 | 2026 |
| Syngenta AG MIR162 Corn Litigation | 11.1 | 2026 |
| Emerson Electric Co. Wet/Dry Vac Marketing and Sales Practices Litigation | 10.9 | 2023 |
| Amazon.com, Inc., Fulfillment Center Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) and Wage and Hour Litigation | 10.9 | 2025 |
| Domestic Drywall Antitrust Litigation | 10.8 | 2024 |
| Propecia (Finasteride) Products Liability Litigation | 10.8 | 2023 |
| Fresenius GranuFlo/NaturaLyte Dialysate Products Liability Litigation | 10.5 | 2023 |
| Aluminum Warehousing Antitrust Litigation | 10.0 | 2023 |
| Opana ER Antitrust Litigation | 9.7 | 2024 |
| Fluoroquinolone Products Liability Litigation | 9.6 | 2025 |
| Testosterone Replacement Therapy Products Liability Litigation | 9.5 | 2023 |
| Smith & Nephew Birmingham Hip Resurfacing (BHR) Hip Implant Products Liability Litigation | 9.5 | 2026 |
| Disposable Contact Lens Antitrust Litigation | 9.5 | 2024 |
| General Motors LLC Ignition Switch Litigation | 9.1 | 2023 |
| Lumber Liquidators Chinese-Manufactured Flooring Products Marketing, Sales Practices and Products Liability Litigation | 9.0 | 2024 |
| Bard IVC Filters Products Liability Litigation | 8.9 | 2024 |
| National Football League's "Sunday Ticket" Antitrust Litigation | 8.8 | 2024 |
| London Silver Fixing, Ltd., Antitrust Litigation | 8.7 | 2023 |
| FCA US LLC Monostable Electronic Gearshift Litigation | 8.4 | 2025 |
| Chrysler-Dodge-Jeep EcoDiesel Marketing, Sales Practices and Products Liability Litigation | 8.3 | 2025 |
| Liquid Toppings Dispensing System ('447) Patent Litigation | 8.2 | 2026 |
| Dicamba Herbicides Litigation | 7.7 | 2025 |
| FieldTurf Artificial Turf Marketing and Sales Practices Litigation | 7.6 | 2025 |
| FedLoan Student Loan Servicing Litigation | 7.2 | 2025 |
| Dealer Management Systems Antitrust Litigation | 7.1 | 2025 |
| SunEdison, Inc., Securities Litigation | 7.0 | 2023 |
| Qualcomm Antitrust Litigation | 6.6 | 2023 |
| 3M Combat Arms Earplug Products Liability Litigation | 6.5 | 2025 |
| Invokana (Canagliflozin) Products Liability Litigation | 6.4 | 2023 |
| CenturyLink Sales Practices and Securities Litigation | 6.4 | 2024 |
| Gold King Mine Release in San Juan County, Colorado, on August 5, 2015 | 6.3 | 2024 |
| Evenflo Company, Inc., Marketing, Sales Practices and Products Liability Litigation | 6.3 | 2026 |
| Sensipar (Cinacalcet Hydrochloride Tablets) Antitrust Litigation | 6.2 | 2025 |
| Chicago Board Options Exchange Volatility Index Manipulation Antitrust Litigation | 6.2 | 2024 |
| Fisher-Price Rock 'n Play Sleeper Marketing, Sales Practices, and Products Liability Litigation | 6.1 | 2025 |
| Capacitors Antitrust Litigation (No. III) | 5.7 | 2023 |
| Restasis (Cyclosporine Ophthalmic Emulsion) Antitrust Litigation | 5.6 | 2023 |
| Zetia (Ezetimibe) Antitrust Litigation | 5.5 | 2023 |
| Rail Freight Fuel Surcharge Antitrust Litigation (No. II) | 5.4 | 2025 |
| TikTok, Inc., Consumer Privacy Litigation | 5.4 | 2025 |
| Xyrem (Sodium Oxybate) Antitrust Litigation | 5.3 | 2026 |
| Smitty's/CAM2 Tractor Hydraulic Fluid Marketing, Sales Practices and Products Liability Litigation | 4.8 | 2025 |
| Society Insurance Company COVID-19 Business Interruption Protection Insurance Litigation | 4.8 | 2025 |
| Ahern Rentals, Inc., Trade Secret Litigation | 4.7 | 2025 |
| Profemur Hip Implant Products Liability Litigation | 4.7 | 2025 |
| January Short Squeeze Trading Litigation | 4.3 | 2025 |
| Xarelto (Rivaroxaban) ('310) Patent Litigation | 4.2 | 2026 |
| Broiler Chicken Grower Antitrust Litigation (No. II) | 4.1 | 2025 |
| SoClean, Inc., Marketing, Sales Practices and Products Liability Litigation | 4.1 | 2026 |
| Palbociclib Patent Litigation | 4.1 | 2023 |
| Erie COVID-19 Business Interruption Protection Insurance Litigation | 3.9 | 2024 |
| All-Clad Metalcrafters, LLC, Cookware Marketing and Sales Practices Litigation | 3.9 | 2025 |
| Capital One Consumer Data Security Breach Litigation | 3.7 | 2023 |
| TransUnion Rental Screening Solutions, Inc., Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) Litigation | 3.6 | 2023 |
| Sitagliptin Phosphate ('708 & '921) Patent Litigation | 3.6 | 2023 |
| Seresto Flea and Tick Collar Marketing, Sales Practices and Products Liability Litigation | 3.5 | 2025 |
| Mednax Services, Inc., Customer Data Security Breach Litigation | 3.4 | 2024 |
| Crop Inputs Antitrust Litigation | 3.3 | 2024 |
| Ozempic (Semaglutide) Patent Litigation | 3.0 | 2025 |
| Air Crash Into the Java Sea on January 9, 2021 | 2.7 | 2025 |
| Generali COVID-19 Travel Insurance Litigation | 2.7 | 2023 |
| Lowe's Companies, Inc., Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) and Wage and Hour Litigation | 2.4 | 2023 |
| Beyond Meat, Inc., Protein Content Marketing and Sales Practices Litigation | 2.4 | 2025 |
| Family Dollar Stores, Inc., Pest Infestation Litigation | 2.2 | 2024 |
| Overby-Seawell Company Customer Data Security Breach Litigation | 2.0 | 2025 |
| Samsung Customer Data Security Breach Litigation | 1.9 | 2024 |
| Passenger Vehicle Replacement Tires Antitrust Litigation | 1.8 | 2026 |
| Taasera Licensing, LLC, Patent Litigation | 1.7 | 2024 |
| Midwest Energy Emissions Corp. Patent Litigation | 1.7 | 2026 |
| Fortra File Transfer Software Data Security Breach Litigation | 1.7 | 2025 |
| T-Mobile Customer Data Security Breach Litigation | 1.6 | 2023 |
| AVYCAZ (Ceftazidime and Avibactam) Patent Litigation | 1.6 | 2026 |
| Johnson & Johnson Sunscreen Marketing, Sales Practices and Products Liability Litigation | 1.5 | 2023 |
| Harley-Davidson Aftermarket Parts Marketing, Sales Practices and Antitrust Litigation | 1.5 | 2024 |
| Pipe Flashing Patent Litigation | 1.5 | 2025 |
| Evolve Bank & Trust Customer Data Security Breach Litigation | 1.4 | 2026 |
| Procter & Gamble Aerosol Products Marketing and Sales Practices Litigation | 1.3 | 2023 |
| The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Tithing Litigation | 1.0 | 2025 |
| Oral Phenylephrine Marketing and Sales Practices Litigation | 0.9 | 2024 |
| SAP SE, et al., Patent Litigation | 0.9 | 2026 |
| BPS Direct, LLC, and Cabela's, LLC, Wiretapping Litigation | 0.6 | 2024 |
| Prepared Food Photos, Inc., Copyright Litigation | 0.4 | 2023 |
How Many MDLs Close Each Year
The table counts MDL dockets by the calendar year in which they closed, with the median and mean duration of the MDLs closed that year. An MDL that was closed, reopened and closed again counts only in the year of its last closing.
25 MDLs closed in 2023, 21 in 2024 and 34 in 2025, with median durations of 5.7, 6.3 and 5.7 years.
From January through September 2026, 14 MDLs closed, with a median duration of 4.7 years. That partial year is not comparable with the full years before it.
The Panel's own fiscal-year reports count closings from October through September. Counted the same way, and counting every closing including those later reopened, our data show 32 MDLs closed in fiscal 2025 and 26 in fiscal 2024, the same numbers the Panel published.
Federal MDLs closed per calendar year, 2023 to September 2026
| Year | Closed | Median yrs | Mean yrs |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 | 25 | 5.7 | 6.4 |
| 2024 | 21 | 6.3 | 6.6 |
| 2025 | 34 | 5.7 | 6.8 |
| 2026 | 14 | 4.8 | 5.8 |
2026 covers January 1 through September 30 only. Calendar years run January through December, unlike the Panel's October-September fiscal year.
Download the Data and Cite This Study
Every table as a CSV file and in one Excel workbook, a short PDF summary and every chart as an image, free to reuse with attribution (CC BY 4.0).
- Federal MDLs closed January 2023 to September 2026, with years from transfer order to closingOne row per multidistrict litigation docket closed between January 1, 2023 and September 30, 2026, with JPML filing, transfer order and closing dates and the years from transfer order to closing; dockets reopened and pending on September 30, 2026 are excluded. · 94 rows · CSV, 13 KB
- MDLs closed per calendar year and their duration, 2023 to September 2026Number of MDL dockets closed per calendar year with median and mean years from transfer order to closing; 2026 covers January through September only. · 4 rows · CSV, 1 KB
- MDL duration by type of litigation, MDLs closed January 2023 to September 2026Median, mean, shortest and longest years from transfer order to closing, by litigation type assigned from keywords in the MDL caption. · 8 rows · CSV, 1 KB
- How long closed MDLs lasted, January 2023 to September 2026Number and share of closed MDLs by years from the JPML transfer order to the closing of the docket. · 6 rows · CSV, 1 KB
- All tables in one Excel workbookOne sheet per table plus an About sheet with sources, method and citation · Excel (.xlsx), 20 KB
- Summary to print or forward (3 pages)Short answer, key figures, main chart, findings, method and citation · PDF, 194 KB
Charts for your story
Closed federal MDLs by years from transfer order to closing, January 2023 to September 2026
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Median years from transfer order to closing, by type of MDL
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Closed federal MDLs by years from transfer order to closing
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Federal MDLs closed per calendar year, 2023 to September 2026
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How to cite
Goldberg, L. (2026). Federal Multidistrict Litigation Duration — Years From Transfer Order to Closing for Every MDL Closed (January 2023–September 2026) [Data set]. Settlement Insight. https://settlementinsight.com/research/how-long-mdls-last
BibTeX
@dataset{goldberg_2026_how_long_mdls_last,
author = {Goldberg, Leonard},
title = {Federal Multidistrict Litigation Duration --- Years From Transfer Order to Closing for Every MDL Closed (January 2023--September 2026)},
year = {2026},
publisher = {Settlement Insight},
url = {https://settlementinsight.com/research/how-long-mdls-last}
}How We Measured
Checked against published figures
- Number of MDL dockets closed in fiscal year 2025 (October 1, 2024 to September 30, 2025): published 32, our count 32 (exact match).Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation, Statistical Analysis of Multidistrict Litigation, Fiscal Year 2025
- Number of MDL dockets closed in fiscal year 2024 (October 1, 2023 to September 30, 2024): published 26, our count 26 (exact match).Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation, Statistical Analysis of Multidistrict Litigation, Fiscal Year 2024
Full method and limits of the data
The study covers every MDL with a closing date from January 1, 2023 through September 30, 2026, one row per MDL docket. Earlier closings are not part of the reports we hold. Where an MDL was closed, reopened and closed again, we use the last closing date for its duration; this applies to the Suboxone (Buprenorphine Hydrochloride and Naloxone) Antitrust Litigation, first closed in April 2024 and again in October 2025. The Acetaminophen - ASD/ADHD Products Liability Litigation was closed in August 2024 but reopened and was pending again on September 30, 2026; it does not appear in any of the four closed-litigation reports, and although an earlier retrieval in our data still carries its August 2024 closing date, it is not counted as a closed MDL. Together, 2 MDLs closed in the period were later reopened.
Duration is the number of days from the transfer order to the closing date, converted to years using the average calendar year including leap days. The median and mean are taken over all MDLs; the 25th and 75th percentiles use linear interpolation between ranked durations (the inclusive method), and thresholds such as five or ten years count durations of at least that many years. Litigation types are assigned from keywords in each MDL's caption, in a fixed order, the first match deciding: data breach and privacy (data security breach, privacy, wiretapping, telecommunications records, Telephone Consumer Protection Act, driving data), antitrust, patent, copyright and trade secret, products liability, marketing and sales practices (marketing, sales practices, pest infestation, tithing), banking and securities, insurance, wage and hour (Fair Labor Standards). Products liability covers captions naming products liability or personal injury, the disaster cases (the Gold King Mine release and the Java Sea air crash) and four product-defect MDLs whose captions name the product but not the legal theory: General Motors Ignition Switch, FCA Monostable Electronic Gearshift, Dicamba Herbicides and Syngenta Corn. A caption such as "Marketing, Sales Practices and Products Liability" therefore counts as products liability, and one ending in "Antitrust" as antitrust.
To check completeness, we counted closings by the Panel's fiscal year, counting every closing, including the first Suboxone closing and the August 2024 closing of the later reopened Acetaminophen MDL, as the Panel does. Without the Acetaminophen closing, which falls in fiscal 2024, the four closed-litigation reports alone give one closing fewer for fiscal 2024. Our data give 32 closings for fiscal 2025 and 26 for fiscal 2024, matching the Panel's published statistical analyses exactly.
What this data cannot tell you
- The study looks only at MDLs that have closed. MDLs still pending on September 30, 2026, including some of the largest mass torts, are not included, and many of them have already run longer than the median here. The result answers how long the MDLs that closed recently lasted, not how long an MDL opened today will last.
- Closing the MDL docket is not the same as resolving every case or paying every claimant. Individual cases can settle, be dismissed or be sent back to their original courts long before the docket closes, and settlement payments can continue after it closes.
- The data cover closings from January 2023 on. MDLs that closed earlier, and changes over a longer period, are not measured.
- A closed MDL can be reopened. The 2026 figures reflect the Panel's report of October 1, 2026; a docket listed as closed there could be reopened later and show a later closing date in a future report.
- The litigation types are our grouping by caption keywords, not an official JPML classification, and several types contain only a few MDLs.
Frequently Asked Questions
How long does an MDL take?
Federal MDLs closed between January 2023 and September 2026 lasted a median of 5.9 years from the Panel's transfer order to the closing of the docket. A quarter closed within 3.1 years and a quarter lasted longer than 9.5 years.
How long do mass tort cases take?
Products liability MDLs, which include the large personal injury mass torts, lasted a median of 8.4 years from creation to closing among the 27 that closed between January 2023 and September 2026. Individual claims can settle earlier, and payments can continue after the docket closes.
What is the longest-running MDL that has closed recently?
Among MDLs closed since January 2023, the National Security Agency Telecommunications Records Litigation (MDL No. 1791) ran longest, 17.7 years after its transfer order in 2006. The Rail Freight Fuel Surcharge Antitrust Litigation followed at 17.7 years.
How many MDLs close each year?
Counted by the Panel's October-to-September fiscal year, 32 MDLs closed in fiscal 2025 and 26 in fiscal 2024, the same numbers the Panel published. By calendar year, 34 MDLs closed in 2025, 21 in 2024 and 25 in 2023. Calendar-year counts include each MDL only in the year of its last closing.
How long does it take for the JPML to create an MDL?
For the MDLs closed between January 2023 and September 2026, the median time from the motion filed with the Panel to its transfer order was 2.8 months.
Does a closed MDL mean everyone has been paid?
No. The closing date marks the end of the MDL docket in the transferee court. Many cases settle or are dismissed before that date, and settlement programs can keep paying claims after it.
Sources
- MDL Statistics Report - Docket Summary Listing, Closed Between 1/1/2026 - 10/1/2026 — Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation
- MDL Statistics Report - Docket Summary Listing, Closed Between 1/1/2025 - 1/5/2026 — Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation
- MDL Statistics Report - Docket Summary Listing, Closed Between 1/1/2024 - 1/2/2025 — Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation
- MDL Statistics Report - Docket Summary Listing, Closed Between 1/1/2023 - 1/2/2024 — Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation
- Statistical Analysis of Multidistrict Litigation Under 28 U.S.C. § 1407, Fiscal Year 2025 — Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation
- Statistical Analysis of Multidistrict Litigation Under 28 U.S.C. § 1407, Fiscal Year 2024 — Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation
- Independent analysis. Settlement Insight is not a law firm and not affiliated with any agency named here. Analysis by Leonard Goldberg, Editor. How we work: methodology, our data.
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