| Trigger | Negligence (or strict liability, intentional tort) by a non-employer | Injury arising out of + in the course of employment |
| Fault requirement | Plaintiff must prove fault (negligence) | No-fault — just need work-related injury |
| Pain & suffering | Recoverable (multiplier × medical specials) | Not recoverable in WC (no pain-and-suffering damages) |
| Lost wages | 100% of actual lost wages + earning capacity | Partial — usually 66⅔% of AWW capped at state max |
| Medical bills | 100% recoverable (subject to liens/subrogation) | Paid directly by carrier; usually no copay |
| Permanent impairment | Compensated in jury verdict; no statutory schedule | Compensated via state schedule × impairment % |
| Defendant | Anyone who caused the injury (driver, property owner, manufacturer) | Generally only the employer/carrier |
| Can you sue the employer? | Yes if not in scope of employment, OR intentional act | Almost never — exclusive remedy bar (except TX non-subscribers) |
| Third-party suits | N/A (it's already a tort suit) | Yes — can sue manufacturer/driver/sub in addition to WC |
| Time to resolution | 6 months – 4 years (most settle in 12-24 months) | Often quicker for medical/lost-wage benefits; settlement may take 1-3 years |
| Attorney fees | 33⅓-40% contingency (no upfront cost) | Capped by state (usually 15-25% of permanent benefit) |
| Statute of limitations | 1-6 years by state (varies by claim type) | Usually 1-3 years for filing claim form (separate from SOL for civil suit) |
| Cap on recovery | Generally no cap on economic damages; non-economic caps vary by state | Capped by statutory benefit formula |
| Average payout | Median ~$24K (car accident); much higher with surgery/permanent injury | Median $5K-$25K minor; $40K-$100K surgical; $150K-$500K+ permanent |